What is?
| belenen, belehnen, enfeoff | en·feoffed, en·feoff·ing, en·feoffs, en·feoffment n.
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| Hulder | Hij die namens een leenman de leeneed aflegt en het heergewaad van een leengoed betaalt. |
| Tienden grof en smal | Tithes, great and small. Tithes were taxes. Ten % of the harvest was to be paid to the Lord of the manor. Great were arable crops like wheat and small were vegetables. |
| Feudalism | Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor. |
| Lehnsmann (German) or Leenman (Dutch) | A vassal was usually a knight, but could also be a member of the clergy or in later times rich patrician families. Read a full explanation in English and Dutch here. |
| Morgen or mergen land | 1 morgen is the size of a piece of land that one could plow, with a team of oxen, in one morning (morgen).. 1 morgen = 8400 m^2 (= 2.1 acres) 1 hont = 1400 m^2 1 hectare = 10.000 m^2 = 2.5 acres |
| Schepen | Dutch now use the word Wethouder. Alderman or town councillor. |
| Schild | 1.5 gulden |
| Von und zu (German) Van en tot (Dutch) |
Most, but not all, surnames of the German nobility were preceded by or contained the preposition von (meaning "of") or zu (meaning "at") as a nobiliary particle. The two were occasionally combined into von und zu (meaning "of and at"). In general, the von form indicates the family's place of origin, while the zu form indicates the family's continued possession of the estate from which the surname is drawn: Therefore, von und zu indicates a family which is both named for and continues to own their original feudal holding or residence. |
| Kanoniker | Originally, a canon was a cleric living with others in a clergyhouse or, later, in one of the houses within the precinct of or close to a cathedral and ordering his life according to the orders or rules of the church. In the eleventh century, some churches required clergy thus living together to adopt the rule first proposed by Saint Augustine that they renounce private wealth. Those who embraced this change were known as Augustinians or Canons Regular, whilst those who did not were known as secular canons. Most secular canons were nobles, who were often able to add their personal assets. Their pastoral duties would fall into the background and were then done by vicars . It often was a springboard for a career in the clergy or at court. A positive aspect of secular canons their significant roles in the foundation of universities in the late Middle Ages. The first professors of the newly established universities were mostly secular canons. Many of them were married and became canons later in life. Many von Ossenbroichs were Kanonikers and married. |
| Old Dutch Language Dictionary | Go here |
